THE LINGUISTICS.
Linguistics to study this complex system is divided into different parts of study: phonetics and phonology that studies the sounds of language, morphology, studying the words and their internal structure, syntax, combinatorics studying the words and the phrases and sentences, the semantics, which handles the significance and meaning of words and sentences.
There are also interdisciplinary studies, ie, combining different perspectives of study: as discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis, psycholinguistics (acquisition, use, and understanding) neurolinguistics, cultural studies, etc.. That in one way or another study in other ways related to language problems and language.